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Formation of the African National Congress (1912), in South Africa.

Answer Text:
Formation of the African National Congress (1912), in South Africa.
- Opposition to the Natives Land Act led to the formation of the South African Native National Congress (renamed the African National Congress [ANC] in 1923) by South Africa's educated African elite in a meeting at Bloemfontein on January 8, 1912.
- The founding president was John L. Dube, a minister and schoolteacher.
- Pixley Ka Isaka Seme, a lawyer, was appointed treasurer.
- Solomon T. Plaatye, a court translator, became secretary general.
- Other members were Thomas Mapikela, Walter Robusana, Solomon Plaatye and Sam Makgatho.
- The congress was moderate in composition, tone, and practiced.
- However, In 1940s, a militant form of nationalism emerged under the ANC Youth League formed in 1943 led by Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo, emphasizing the inalienable right of the Africans to the African continent.
- As a result of the League’s activities, violent confrontations between ANC and the government broke out in 1952 in Witwatersrand, Kimberley and Eastern Cape.