Political challenges that have faced African countries since independence:a) The political systems that were inherited from the colonial governments seemed to be unworkable in many independent African states.b) Sharp ideological difference arose among the pioneer leaders of African states.c) The cold war had devastating effects on Africa.d) Political instability was quite common in African states. Coups d’tat and military takeover was witnessed in Somalia, Zaire, Nigeria.e) There were strained relations between African leaders caused by personal and ideological differences.f) Many national interests in Africa countries have been in conflict with global and continental interests.