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What are valence electrons?

Answer Text:
Valence electrons:
- Refers to the number electrons in the outermost energy level.
Examples:
- Calcium, with electron arrangement 2.8.8.2 has 2 valence electrons.
- Oxygen with electron arrangement 2.6 has 6 valence electrons.
- Phosphorus with electron arrangement 2.8.5 has 5 valence electrons.