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The diagram below represents a mammalian pelvic girdle

(a) How are the structures labeled H and J adapted to their function?
(b) State the function of obturator foramen
(c) (i) Name the bone that articulates with the pelvic girdle at acetabulum
(ii) Name the type of joint formed by the acetabulum and the bone named in (c) above
(d) Name the bone formed by the fusion of caudal vertebrae in human

Answer Text:
a)
H
- Ilium is long/ broad to provide a large surface area for attachment of thigh muscles
- Has sacral facet for articulation with wing like transverse process of the first sacral vertebra or sacrum
J
- Pubic symphysis: it is made of flexible cartilage that permits widening of the female girdles during parturition/ birth and also absorbs shock
b)- It is an aperture that allows passage of blood vessels, nerves and muscles.
c) i)- Femur
ii)- Ball and socket
d)- coccyx